Key Stages of Foot Development
Infancy (0-2 years):
Babies' feet are soft and flexible with a pad of fat in the arch area. Feet may appear flat due to underdeveloped muscles. Encourage babies to kick and move freely to strengthen muscles.
Toddlers (2-4 years):
Children are now walking, their feet are broad and flat. Balance and coordination improve as they become more active. Barefoot play is encouraged to help develop balance and strengthen muscles
Young Children (4-8 years):
The child’s feet start to take on a more defined shape. The arch development begins to become more visible. Encourage supportive footwear as the child starts school and engages in structured activities.
Pre-teens (9-12 years):
The structure of the foot continues to mature. Growth spurts are common, which can lead to temporary discomfort or conditions like “growing pains.” Footwear should be checked frequently as feet can outgrow shoes quickly.
Common Foot Issues in Children
Flat Feet:
This is a common in young children as the natural foot arch hasn't fully developed. It will usually resolve as the child grows. Good footwear with supportive arches will help, but if it persists, consult a podiatrist.
In-Toeing or Out-Toeing:
Some children’s feet turn inward (in-toeing) or outward (out-toeing). This will often self-correct with age, but if it persists or causes pain, a specialist should be consulted.
Plantar Warts - Verruca:
Caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) it is a virus that infects the outer layer of the skin. It will often appear as rough, raised spots on the soles of the feet. They will often disappear ontheir own as a child’s immune system battles the virus, but treatments are available if they cause discomfort.
Heel Pain:
There are many causes of heel pain including ill fitted shoes, trauma during play / physical activities but can also be to more clinical issues such as Sever's Disease, an inflammation of the growth plate in the heel. This is seen, more commonly, in physically active children, especially during growth spurts. Rest, proper footwear, and stretching exercises can alleviate symptoms.
Ingrown Toenails:
This occurs when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain and swelling. To prevent Ingrown toenails, trim nails straight across and avoid cutting too short. NEVER attempt to treat these at home always consult a healthcare professional.
Blisters and Calluses:
A common occurrence is children often caused by ill-fitting shoes or excessive friction. Ensure children’s shoes fit properly and are appropriate for the activity they are engaging in. Wearing cotton socks and maintaining good foot health will reduce the reoccurrence of blisters and calluses.
Tips for Keeping Children’s Feet Healthy
Encourage Barefoot Time
Walking barefoot, especially on safe, soft surfaces like grass or sand, helps develop muscles, coordination, and balance at a younger age.
Check Footwear Regularly:
Proper footwear is an essential part of children’s foot health. Shoes should fit well, with room for the toes to move freely. Children’s feet grow rapidly; check the fit of their shoes every 6-8 weeks. You can do this easily by placing your hand inside the shoe and feeling where the foot has created an indentation in the lining. When purchasing new shoes choose shoes that are breathable, flexible, and have good arch support.
Practice Good Foot Hygiene:
Ensure you wash a child’s feet daily, drying them thoroughly, especially between the toes. Use socks made from breathable, moisture-wicking materials to prevent fungal infections.
Watch for Signs of Discomfort:
If your child complains of foot pain, don’t ignore it. Frequent tripping, limping, or refusal to participate in activities could indicate a foot issue. Always consult a medical professional
Promote Stretching and Exercise:
Gentle stretches for the calves, arches, and toes can improve flexibility and foot strength. Activities like jumping, running, and playing encourage natural foot development.
Trim Toenails Properly:
As previously mentioned cut nails straight across, not too short, and avoid rounding the edges to prevent ingrown nails. Using a nail file remove any sharp points. Nail files can be useful to maintain a nails length as opposed to cutting.
Choosing the Right Footwear for Children
Fit:
Shoes should fit snugly at the heel without slipping and have enough room in the toe box for natural movement.Measure both feet since one foot is often slightly larger; always choose shoes that fit the larger foot.
Material:
Opt for shoes made from breathable, lightweight materials like leather or mesh.Avoid stiff or overly structured shoes that can restrict foot movement.
Soles:
Flexible soles that bend at the ball of the foot are preferable.Non-slip soles help prevent falls and provide better grip during activities.
Support:
Look for shoes with cushioned insoles and adequate arch support, especially if your child is very active.